MEDIA
SKILLS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING
GRAPHICS
Computer graphics deals with the
generation, representation, manipulation and display of pictures with the aid
of a computer. Graphics is an important component of multimedia because a
picture is a powerful way to illustrate information. Computer Graphics remains
one of the most exciting and rapidly growing computer fields. Computer graphics
has now became a common element in the educational field. A graphic is an image
or visual representation of an object. Computer graphics are simply images
displayed on a computer screen. Computer graphics can be either two or three
dimensional.
Computer graphics can be done by
utilizing graphics software. These software applications are used for creating,
storing and displaying graphics like charts, graphs, maps, drawings, animations
etc. There are different types of graphic software packages. Some of them are
given below:
1. Graphics editors or
photo editors: - It ranges from simple paint software to complex layer based
graphic editing software like GIMP, PHOTOSHOP, CorelDraw, etc.
2. Presentation graphic
software:-Helps to create graphically rich presentations. Can create bar chart,
pie chart, graphics and other types of images for slide shows and reports.
3. Analysis graphic
software: - Provides the ability to covert previously analyzed data such as
statistical data into graphic formats like bar chart, line charts, pie diagram
and scattered diagram.
4. Animation software:
-Enables you to chain and sequence a series of images to stimulate movements.
Each image is like a frame in a movie.
5. Computer aided design
software: -This is used mainly for designing. Virtual reality uses 3D graphics
to allow users to enter artificial representations of some environment.
GIMP
GIMP
began in 1995 as the school project of two universities. GIMP means GNU Image
Manipulation Program. GIMP is a free and open- source image editing software .
It is used for image retouching and editing. It is used for free form drawing.
It is used for re sizing and cropping. It is used for converting between
different image formats, and more specialized tasks. GIMP is a full – fledged
application. It is available on all distributions of LINUX and Microsoft
windows-XP. The file formats supported by GIMP include BMP format, JPEG format
,GIF format, MNG format ,PCX format ,PDF format , PNG format and many others .
GIMP can Load, Display ,Convert and Save to so many other file formats.
AUDIO EDITING
Audio editing or sound editing is
a process that helps to make changes files of audio format .The audio recording
and editing devices like magnetic tape and tape recorders were used first for
audio editing. But now the editing is done digitally using specialized
softwares.
Audio editor is software, which is
used to edit audio files in the computer. Audio sections can be cut in to
different sections, deleted, mixed. Speed and tempo of the material can be
modified. Most audio editors provide support for converting it into different
audio formats.
Features of audio editors. It
includes sound editing functions such as cut, copy, paste, delete, insert,
silence, audio trim and more of sounds. Record audio from one or more inputs
and store recordings in the computer’s memory as digital audio. Audio editors supports almost all audio and music file formats
including MP3 , WAV, GSM, WMA, AU, AIF, FLAC, REAL AUDIO, OGG, AAC, M4A, MID,
AMR and many more.
AUDACITY
Audacity is a free audio editing
software. It is easy- to- use, multi track audio. Audacity is open,
cross-platform software for recording and editing sounds. Audacity is available
for Windows Mac, GNU/ Linux and other operating systems.
USE OF AUDACITY
Record live audio.
Record computer playback.
Convert tapes and records.
Edit WAV, AIFF, FLAC, and MP2,
MP3 or OGG VORBIS sound files.
Cut, copy, splice or mix sounds
together.
Numerous effects including change
the speed.
1.
Record features
Audacity
can record live audio through a microphone or mixer, or digitize recordings
from cassette tapes, records or mini disks. Audacity can also capture streaming
audio.
Multiple input and output devices.
Timer record and sound activated recording features.
Dub over exciting tracks to create multi- track recordings.
Record multiple channels at once subject to hardware features.
2.
Import or export features
Import sound files, edit them and combine them with
other files or new recordings can be done using audacity.
Import and export WAV, AIFF, AU and FLAC and files.
Import MPEG audio including MP2 and MP3 files.
Import raw (header less) audio files using the import raw comment.
Create WAV or AIFF files suitable for burning to audio CD.
Export MP3 files with the optional LAME encoder library.
3.
Editing features
Audacity
has a good editing interface for easy editing.
Easy editing with cut, copy, paste and delete.
Edit and mix large numbers of tracks.
Multiple clips are allowed per track.
Draw tool to alter individual sample points.
Envelope tool to fade the volume up or down smoothly.
Automatic crash recovery in the event of abnormal programme
termination.
4.
Effects
The sound
effect features linked in audacity includes:
Change the pitch without altering the tempo or vice versa.
Remove vocals from suitable stereo tracks.
Other built – in effects: echo, paulstretch, phaser, reverb, reverse,
truncate silence etc.
Run chains of effects on a project or multiple files in batch
processing mode.
5.
Accessibility feature and sound quality.
The
accessibility and sound quality features associated with audacity include:
·
Tracks and selections can be fully manipulated
using the keyboard.
·
Large range of keyboard shortcuts.
·
Excellent support for JAWS, NVDA and other screen
readers on Windows, and for voiceovers on Mac.
·
Tracks with different sample rates or formats are
converted automatically in real time.
VIDEO EDITING
Video editing is the process of editing files in video
format. Video editing the process of
giving special effects and changes to video files. There are lot of free
softwares available for making changes for video files according to our wish like kdenlive,
windows movie maker, etc. It will help us to bring improvements in quality to
the video files. It will help for Cutting Segments, Re-Sequencing clips, Adding
Transistors, And other Special effects.
KDENLIVE (KDE NON-Linear Video
Editor)
Kdenlive is a powerful free and open source Multi track
Video editor, including most
recent
video technologies. It is a free software available for making our video files
an interesting one to our students. It is commonly used in Linux and windows
based operating systems.
USE
Of KDENLIVE
The uses of KDENLIVE
are:
o Rearranging the sections of video
clips.
o Adding or removing the section of
video clips.
o Creating transitions between clips
is possible.
o Apply color correction.
o Adding tiles and other
Synchronization clips.
o Convert into a wide range of audio
and video formats including Mpeg 2,MP4 and h264 video, MP2,MP3 .
o We can add A wide range of effects
and transitions.
o Tools available to create, Move,
Crop and delete video clips , audio clips, text clips and image clips.
ANIMATIONS
Animation is the display of a
sequence of images to create an illusion of movements. Animations deals with
the generation, sequencing and display of a set of graphic images meant to
create and effect of visual change or motion. A small animation clip is even
more powerful and useful for illustrating concepts. Animation is commonly used
in the instances where videography is not possible or animation can better
illustrate the concept than video. Animation can be made either with hand
rendered art or by computer generated energy. Animation for an object is made
by changing the place and its position. Animation is of two type 2D and 3D.
TUPI
TUPI is a 2D animation software. It
is a free software available in Linux and windows based operating system. Now a
days it is commonly used in making animated videos related to teaching
different topics. Using animation will bring interested and colorful
visualization to concepts.
Uses of TUPI
ü Helps to create colorful videos
ü Helps to give movements to image
type files.
ü Helps to convert the created
animations to different video format.
ü Helps to create different multimedia
packages.
ü Helps to give birth to different
cartoon characters.
ü Helps to bring the technique of
simulation in classrooms.
E- CONTENT
AUTHORING
E Content Authoring
is the process of writing the contents or learning materials in any electronic
format. It is the digitalization of materials. Materials that help in e
learning are called e - content. It has an authoring tool (or software) and
language which allows its user to create multimedia applications for
manipulating multimedia objects.
In
the development of educational software, an Authoring System is a program that allows a non-programmer to
easily create software with programming features. The programming features are
built in but hidden behind buttons and other tools, so the author does not need
to know how to program. Generally authoring systems provide lots of graphics,
interaction, and other tools educational software needs.
E-Learning Authoring Tools enable trainers to integrate an array of media to
create professional, engaging and interactive training content. With an
authoring tool, one can create digitized elements or learning objects from an
existing course for use in a new course.
An Authoring Language is a
programming language used to create e-content. It will be commonly used to
create tutorial CD’s, websites, computer based training courses. For example ..
PILOT, TUTOR.
Scope of E
Content Authoring
Custom content is at the forefront
of the e-learning frontier. Trainers are continually trying to identify ways to
create and publish increasingly complex custom e-learning content for use on the internet, intranets or CD-ROMS.
Some trainers seek high speed deployment of critical information through an organization,
known as rapid e-learning, while others want control of courseware and
independence from programmers.
Many
organizations are attempting to reduce their training costs by developing
e-learning materials. Some organizations want an authoring tool that is easy to
learn and can be used by a large team of people with different skill sets;
others want to move to a blended training solution by offering a combination of
classroom and e-learning courses. Authoring tools offer a way for e-learning
managers to achieve their goals.
Different Steps in the
Preparation of E- Content
1) Planning:
The first step in preparing e- content involves the selection of topic, format,
content, language, e-content authoring tools, learning materials and media.
2) Analysing:
Here, the teacher analyses how to prepare the e-content material in an easy
way.
3) Organising:
It includes the collection of images, videos, audio, pdf files, animated files
and all other materials, and arranging them in a systematic manner.
4) Preparation
of design for e- content.
5) Production
of e- content with the help of authoring tool.
6) Evaluation
of e- content prepared.
7) Obtaining
copyright on it.
ROLE OF EDUSAT IT’S FUNCTIONS IN
EDUCATION
EDUSAT was India’s first full fledged educational
satellite. It’s first operational flight took place on 20th
September 2004 from the Satish Dhawan space centre Sriharikottah . The
projected life of the EDUSAT is 7 to 10 years and it can cover whole
geographical India. EDUSAT is mainly indented to meet the demand for an
interactive, satellite based distance education system for the country. It is
collaborative project of the MHRD, IGNOU and the ISRO.
EDUSAT can cover the whole geographical India with
it’s five spot beams covering the northern, north eastern, southern and western
region of the country . As a result, it’s signals can the received with a
smaller satellite dish and consequently the reception terminal is cheaper.
The EDUSAT is specially configured
for an audio visual medium, employing a digital interactive class room and
multimedia multi-centric system. It is primarily meet for providing
connectivity to the school, college and higher levels of education and also to
support non formal education, including developmental communication.
FUNCTIONS
1) It covers all geographical area inside the country
2) It can provide interactive and cost effective
education.
3) It can provide consistency to information.
4) EDUSAT are more powerful and signals can be received
with a smaller satellite dish.
5) It is a satellite fully dedicated to the cause of
education.
6) It is useful to implement virtual class room in
remote and rural schools. This process can help in overcoming shortage of
trained teachers .
7) It can provide audiovisual medium and interactive
multimedia facility.
8) It can open up many possibilities like online
teachings, video conferencing etc.
9) It can be used at all levels of education, from
primary schools to professional courses.
10)
It can provide live lecture session from the
best and expert teachers.
11)
It can facilitate provision of equality in
educational opportunity. Before establishing the EDUSAT quality classes and
classes handled by experts benefited only urban students. But with the working
of the EDUSAT ruler students also can enjoy it’s benefit.
12)
EDUSAT has enhanced distance education in the
country, especially in medical, technical and higher education streams.
13)
Students will
get the facility to see what they read in there textbooks and to do experiments
with the help of multimedia technologies.
CONSORTIUM
FOR EDUCATIONAL COMMUNICATION
The Consortium for
Educational Communication popularly known as CEC is one of the Inter University
Centres set up by the University Grants
Commission of India. It has been established with the goal of addressing
the needs of Higher Education. Subsequently CEC emerged in 1993 as a nodal agency
to coordinate, guide and facilitate such educational production at the national
level. Today 22 media centres are working towards achieving this goal under the
umbrella of CEC. Realizing the potential and power of television to act as
means of educational knowledge dissemination, UGC started the countrywide
classroom programs in the year 1984. For production of such programs media
centres were setup at 6 universities.
CEC’s
learning management system centre to educational requirements of the country and
world over. The CEC provides various worldwide e - courses through its virtual
learning system for the masses across the country and can be used by
Universities, Colleges and Students as a supplement material to the
conventional teaching system.
The objectives of CEC is close coordination,
facilitation, overall guidance and direction towards the activities of the
Media centres set up by the UGC in various universities throughout the country.
Research activities related to optimizing the effectiveness of such programs.
Providing a forum for the active involvement of academic and other scholars in
the creation of appropriate educational programs. Studying, promoting and
experimenting with new technology that will increase the reach and/or
effectiveness of educational communication.
EDUSAT is the satellite exclusively devoted to meet the
demands of educational sector.Consortium for educational commission (CEC) is
one amongst the five primary users of this educational satellite. CEC EDUSAT
network is empowering students through cutting edge technology and the needs of
students across the country. Thus the student can benefit from experts located
in various educational institutions across the country. The expert can address
the queries of the students in the live mode. The students can interact and ask
questions using one following three methods (1) Audio/ Video Conferencing (2)
Text Mode (3) Through Telephones.
Educational Multi Media Research
Centre
EMMRC stands for
Educational Multi Media Research Centre. The UGC setup media centres in various
universities and institutions in the country with the objectives to produce
quality educational programs for electronic media. The centres are engaged in
production of video and multimedia based programs. CEC and the media centres
have more than 500 trained manpower and state of the art equipment. CEC has
perhaps the largest repository of educational video programs being produced by
its media centres numbering more than 20000. At present about 2000 video based
on UGC model curriculam are being produced annually by the media centres. These
programs are telecast an VYAS Higher Education Channel
In India countrywide classroom (CWCR)
programmes were first broadcast on 15th August 1984 for the
production and educational video programmes. UGC India had established seven
educational media research centres (EMMRCs) and ten Audio visual research
centers (AVRCs) all over the country. This was done to ensure the constant
content creation in the video format for the CWCR telecasts. At present all
these centers are renamed as educational Multimedia research Centers (EMMRC s)
to reflect their increased role in the educational content production in the
age of rapid multimedia developments.
The educational
Multimedia Research Centre at the university of Calicut is the only one kind of
its to be set in kerala by UGC. Operational since 1998, the centre is dedicated
to harness emerging information and communication technologies for furthering
the cause of higher education equipped with large studio, stage of the art
video recording and editing equipments and multimedia work stabons, the centre
conducts hardware and software research and produce a variety of products
educational video documentaries e-content and video lectures on under graduate
subjects of study.
GYANDARSHAN
Ø Gyandarshan was
born n January 26, 2000. It is a bouquet of six channels. In essence, it is a
co-operative venture with the Indira Gandhi National Open University as a nodal
agency for coordinating the activities & up-linking the educational
content.
Ø The programmes
are mix blend of core curriculum based programmes in the areas of primary,
secondary, higher, open & distance education, extension, technical &
vocational education along with general mosaic programmes in areas of health,
hygiene, arts, culture, environment, conservation, science popularization etc.
Ø SAPNET is a
major communication infrastructure initiative of the department of IT & C, Government of Andhra Pradesh.
SAPNET is mandated to run 5 television channels (under the name MANA TV) &
one data channel.
Ø The programmes
are telecast on Gyandarshan from 6am to midnight & also on DD1 & DD2.
Ø One of the most
popular programmes of the channel is Nitter, which is an educational program
that keeps pace with the improvement in the areas of technology hosted by
National Institute of Technical teachers training & research.
Other Programmes
·
Bhasha
mandakini , NCERT/ CIET
·
North
East Kaleidoscope , Women’s Empowerment
·
Adult
Education , BROU
·
IGNOU-SOSS
,IGNOU-SOCIS
·
IGNOU-Urdu
programme , IIT
VICTERS
VICITERS
(Virtual Classroom Technology on Edusat for Rural Schools). “VICTERS”
inaugurated by A.P.J.Abdul kalam the president of India on 28th July
2005 in Thiruvanathapuram. Indian DD Gyandarshan is an educational television
channel that relays programmes from various Doordarshan Kendras in different
languages. The channel is organized & administered by NCERT, IGNOU &
The National Institute of Open Schools. IGNOU, Ministry of Human Resources
Development & Prasar Bharti started the channel in January 2000.Kerala has
demonstrated how EDUSAT could be used to successfully empower teachers. The
scheme which is being executed by IT @ school project of Government of Kerala,
It is mainly intended to meet the demand for an interactive satellite based
Distance Education System for the country.
VICTERS offers interactive virtual
classrooms that enable the school students as well as the teachers to directly
communicate with the subject experts & educationists. It ensures the
dissemination of high quality education to the students & teachers from the
original sources. VICTERS has two modes of operation- the interactive mode
& non-interactive mode. Interactive
mode of VICTERS is used for the video conferencing. It is being India’s first
broadband interactive network for school; the interactive mode is equipped with
116 satellite interactive Terminals (SITS).
The
main users of the facility under Thiruvanathapuram Hub are IT @ School Project,
Directorate of Technical Education, CDAC, SSA, Directorate of Lakshadweep &
CIMR. Non-Interactive mode of VICTERS is the complete educational channel,
first of its kind in the country, which was officially inaugurated on 3rd
August 2006.The channel telecast for 17hours a day from 6AM to 11PM, is unique
in the sense that it caters to students & teachers on a need based manner,
& programs are aired on demand, sensitive to school curriculum & even
timetable.
ROLE OF VICTERS
VICTERS
is the only complete Educational channel of the state Kerala, which telecast
programmes of educational value, general awareness programmes & content on
general interest & is fast becoming the most sought channel by students,
parents, teachers & general public.
VICTERS
telecast specific curriculum based programmes, regional, national &
international programmes on education especially on science & Technology.
The
channel is now available through the state through local cable & DTH
networks, Receive only Terminals & also Live through internet at WWW.Victers.itschool.gov.in, enabling the
students, teachers & general public to watch the channel ‘LIVE’ through
internet from any part of the world.
PROGRAMMES TELECAST THROUGH VICTERS
·
Shasthramuthukal
(science programme)
·
Padanakauthukam,
shastrakauthukam educational programmes.
·
Examination
oriented programme for SSLC & Plus2 Level.
·
Ormayile
Malayalam
·
Kerala
Sree
·
Vazhikatti
·
Haritha
vidhyalayam
·
Drishya
paadam
·
Pusthakangalkkoppam
·
IT
for all
·
Tomorrow
Today
·
Beyond
the text
·
Magic
fingers
