A OVERVIEW ON ADVANCED EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

A OVERVIEW ON ADVANCED EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

Ø Educational technology is a system of 5 M’s – Men, Machines, Materials, Methods & Media.

Ø Hardware Approach – Use of Machines

Ø Software Approach – Use of scientific principles.

Ø Stages of Teaching – 1. Pre-active Stage, 2. Inter-active Stage & 3.Post- active stage.

Ø Mastery learning  [ M.L.S] introduced by F.S. Keller in 1968.

Ø Components of the teaching process

1.     Instructional goals

2.     Entering behaviour

3.     Instructional procedure

4.     Performance assessment

Ø Maxims of Teaching

1. Known to unknown

2. Simple to complex

3. Easy to difficult

4. Concrete to abstract

5. Particular to general

6. Indefinite to definite

7. Empirical to rational

8. Psychological to logical

9. Whole to parts

10. Near to far

11. Analysis to synthesis

12. Actual to representatives.

Ø BLOOM’S     Taxonomy – Founder Benjamin S. Bloom , at University of Chicago in the year 1956.

Ø Specifications

1.     Knowledge – Recall, Recognise

2.     Comprehension – Identify, Justify, Selection, Explain, Judge

3.     Application – Predicts, Selects, Assess, Constructs, Compute

4.     Analysis – Differentiate, Separates , Compares, Breakdown, Criticise.

5.     Synthesis -  Combine , Restate, Summarise, Argues, Discuss, Concludes

6.      Evaluation – Judge, Evaluate, Choose, Determine, Select.

Ø Programmed learning / Instruction

Founder - E.L. Thorndike [ 1874-1949 ]  in the year 1912

Founder of Practical Machines – Sidney L.Pressey.

Programmed learning based on the principle – Law of Effect.

Auto instructional Methods – Skinner , James G. Holland

Types of Programming

1.     Linear or Extrinsic Programming – Skinner

2.     Branched or Intrinsic programming - Norman A.Crowder

3.     Mathetics programming – Thomas P. Gilbert [1962]

Ø Models of Teaching

Behaviour Modification Models

Anxiety Reduction Model – Rinn, Wolpe

Assertive Training Model – Wolpe, Lazarus, Salter

Direct Training Model – Lumsolaine

Managing Behaviour Model – B.F.Skinner

Programmed Instruction Model – B.F.Skinner

Relaxation model – Rinn, Wolpe

Self Control Model – B.F.Skinner

Information Processing Models

Advanced Organiser Model – David Ausubel

Cognitive Growth Model – Jean Piaget, Irving Sigel, Edmund Sullivan

Concept Attainment Model – Jerome S. Bruner

Inductive Thinking Model – Hilda Taba

Memory Model – Jerry Lucas

Scientific Inquiry Model – Joseph J. Schwab

Personal Model

Awareness Training Model – Fritz Perls , William Schulz

Classroom Meeting Model – William Glaser

Conceptual Systems Model – David Hunt

Non- directive Teaching Model – Carl Rogers

Synetics Model – William Gordon

Social Interaction Models

Group Investigation Model – Herbert Thelem , John Dewey

Jurisprudential Inquiry Model – Donald Olive, James P. Shaver

Laboratory Method – National Training Laboratory

Role Playing Model  – Famine Shafted, George Shafted

Social Inquiry Model – Byren Massialas, Benjamin Cox

Social Stimulation Model – Sarene Boocock

Ø Classroom interaction analysis Technique – [ FIACS ] Flander’s Interaction Analysis Category System developed by Ned A. Flander

Reciprocal Category System – RCS – developed by Richard Ober in 1967

Equivalent Talk Category System [ETCS] – developed by Earnest L.Bentley in 1970.

Ø Micro Teaching  -Founder D.W.Allen

Ø Audio – Visual Aids

Projected Aids

Films, Film Projector, Over Head Projector, Opaque Projector  ,  Slides, Slide Projector, L.C.D. Projector.

Graphic Aids

Cartoons, Charts, Comics, Diagrams, Flashcards, Graphs, Maps, Photographs, Pictures, Posters.

Display Boards

Black boards, Bulletin, Flannel Board, Magnetic Board, Peg Board

3-Dimensional Aids

Diagrams, Models, Mock-ups, Objects, Puppets, Specimens

Audio Aids

Radio, Tape Recorder , Television

Activity Aids

Computer Assisted Instruction, Demonstrations, Dramatics, Experimentation, Field Trips, Programmed Instruction, Teaching Machines

Ø Mass Medias In Education – Radio, TV, Films, Press,

Ø School Broadcasting Started by – BBC in 1920

Ø In India At Bombay from January 1929 by All India Radio

Ø Gyan Vani – Educational FM radio launched in November 2001

Ø ERNET – Educational Research Network

Ø C-DAC – Centre for Development of Advanced Computing

Ø NIOS – National Institute of Open Schooling

Ø PSI – Personalised System of Instruction – by Fred S. Keller

Ø LCI – Learning Controlled Investigation – Robert Mager